发布日期：2021-08-28
线上讲座 | 灾后重建 人道关怀
线上讲座 | 灾后重建 人道关怀
发布日期：2020-07-06 23:25
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Sharon Chow，周嘉旺，义务导师。
牛津大学与香港中文大学灾害与人道救援研究所
Adjunct Tutor.Collaborative Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Responses
讲座介绍
Lecture Introduction
在全球环境问题和气侯危机日益严峻的情况下，频发的自然灾害亦对人类的生存和发展有重大影响。中国以及不少东南亚国家多年来一直受到各种自然灾害的威胁。面对各种灾害，人们不仅需要去了解灾害，认识灾害，更要做好灾害管理的准备措施，才能更好的守护人类健康与生命安全。
In the context of increasingly severe global environmental problems and climate crises, frequent natural disasters also have a major impact on human survival and development. China and many Southeast Asian countries have been threatened by various natural disasters for many years. In the face of various disasters, people not only need to understand and understand disasters, but also prepare for disaster management in order to better protect human health and life safety.
7月3日，BJTU+团队举办了第三次线上课程讲座，这一次我们有幸邀请到Sharon老师为我们介绍灾后房屋与健康的相关知识。
On July 3rd, the BJTU+ team held the third online course lecture. This time we were fortunate to invite teacher Sharon to introduce us to post-disaster housing and health related knowledge.
在本节课的内容中，Sharon老师为我们介绍了全球性自然灾害与对中国的影响，灾害管理的流程，以及建筑在其中扮演的角色，还为我们带来一些案例的分享。
In the content of this class, Mr. Sharon introduced us to global natural disasters and their impact on China, the process of disaster management, and the role of architecture in them, and also brought us some case sharing.
接下来，一起回顾一下这节精彩的讲课吧。
Next, let's review this wonderful lecture together.
No.1 自然灾害如何影响我们
No.1 How natural disasters affect us
注重人的健康是所有工作开展的核心，其中，建造能够守护健康的居住环境则尤为重要。对于健康居住环境的要求，不仅仅局限于安全，稳定，更要兼顾身体健康，心理健康与社区幸福。
Paying attention to human health is the core of all work. Among them, building a living environment that can protect health is particularly important. The requirements for a healthy living environment are not only limited to safety and stability, but also physical health, mental health and community happiness.
其中身体健康是最基本需求，要求有安全稳定的结构，免受过度潮湿，保持舒适的温度，足够的卫生和照明，足够的空间，燃料安全与电力通畅，免受污染，伤害，危险与虫害等。心理健康要求是期望给予灾民家的归属感。社区幸福要求则是希望营造社区交流，互帮互助的友好环境。
No.2 准备与应对
No.2 Preparation and response
SENDAI FRAMEWORK
SENDAI FRAMEWORK其目标是在今后15年内大幅度减少灾害风险以及个人、企业、社区和国家在生命、生计和健康方面以及在经济、物质、社会、文化和环境资产方面的损失。
SENDAI FRAMEWORK’s goal is to substantially reduce disaster risks and losses in life, livelihood and health of individuals, businesses, communities and countries, as well as in economic, material, social, cultural and environmental assets in the next 15 years.
其中四个降低包括了:
1.降低灾害死亡率；2.减少灾害影响范围；3.减少GDP损失；4.减少基础设备的破坏与损失
The four reductions include: 1. Reduce disaster mortality 2. Reduce disaster impact 3. Reduce GDP loss 4. Reduce damage and loss of infrastructure
三个提升包括：
1.完善各国风险管理策略；2.增加国际合作，支持发展中国家；3.建立更好的预警系统；
The three improvements include:
1. Improve national risk management strategies; 2. Increase international cooperation to support developing countries; 3. Build better early warning systems;
在各国应对灾害工作中有四个侧重点：首先要提升对灾害的认识，然后是加强风险管理，同时需要加大政府，组织，社会对于灾害应对的投资，最后需要在灾害发生以后，更好的恢复，重建与调整。
There are four priorities in the disaster response work of various countries: first, we must improve the awareness of disasters, then strengthen risk management, and at the same time, we need to increase government, organization, and society’s investment in disaster response. Finally, we need to better after disasters Restoration, reconstruction and adjustment.
Sharon老师同时强调，应对灾害不仅仅是国家的事，更是地方，各个组织，慈善机构，以及包括我们在内的所有相关专业的大学生都可以为之努力，奉献的事业。
Teacher Sharon also emphasized that responding to disasters is not only a matter of the country, but also a local area. Various organizations, charities, and college students in all relevant majors, including us, can work hard and contribute to it.
灾害风险管理周期分为四个阶段，包括减少灾害风险,以全局观最大限度的减小发生灾害的可能性；灾前准备，做好预防工作；灾难应对，采取及时措施拯救生命；以及灾后恢复，重建，促进可持续发展。
The disaster risk management cycle is divided into four phases, including disaster risk reduction, to minimize the possibility of disasters with a global view; preparation before disasters and preventive work; disaster response, taking timely measures to save lives; and disaster recovery , Rebuild, and promote sustainable development.
WHO Health –EDRM Framework
2019年，世卫组织在全球减少灾害风险平台上启动了卫生应急管理新框架，该框架还旨在将卫生应急管理纳入现有卫生系统，从而更加重视社区和国家两级的风险预防和健康复原力、社区复原力以及备灾、应对和恢复。
In 2019, WHO launched a new framework for health emergency management on the Global Disaster Risk Reduction Platform. The framework also aims to integrate health emergency management into the existing health system, thereby placing greater emphasis on risk prevention and health recovery at the community and country levels Strength, community resilience and disaster preparedness, response and recovery.
其中主要措施包括：以风险为基础，积极主动应对，面向所有危险，关注脆弱群体，获得全社会的支持，共享卫生系统，风险管理，社区规划等。
The main measures include: risk-based, proactive response, facing all risks, paying attention to vulnerable groups, obtaining support from the whole society, sharing the health system, risk management, community planning, etc.
NO.3 对于人健康的关怀
NO.3 Care for human health
在这一部分，Sharon老师分享了灾后可能会对人健康带来侵害的不适宜环境状况，比如潮湿，霉菌，热舒适性差、通风不良、缺乏隐私、防火性差等等，以及可能造成的危害。
In this part, Mr. Sharon shared the unsuitable environmental conditions that may harm human health after the disaster, such as humidity, mold, poor thermal comfort, poor ventilation, lack of privacy, poor fire resistance, etc., and the possible harm.
温度在32度以上，相对湿度在60% 以上的环境被认为是湿热环境。潮湿的环境会阻碍汗水的蒸发，从而妨碍热量的散发，导致一系列与热有关的疾病，并加剧基本的健康状况，如肺病和心脏病。
An environment with a temperature above 32 degrees and a relative humidity above 60% is considered a hot and humid environment. A humid environment hinders the evaporation of sweat, thereby hindering the dissipation of heat, leading to a series of heat-related diseases and exacerbating basic health conditions such as lung disease and heart disease.
Source: Shi X, Zhu N, Zheng G. The combined effect of temperature, relative humidity and work intensity on human strain in hot and humid environments. Build Environ [Internet]. 2013;69:72–80.
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.07.016
NO.4 小组讨论：从建筑角度思考
NO.4 Group discussion: thinking from an architectural perspective
接下来，Sharon老师提出了一个思考问题，希望我们分组讨论：从建筑角度来考虑各个阶段（包括预防准备阶段，紧急应对阶段，以及恢复阶段）的灾害管理。
Next, Mr. Sharon raised a question for thinking, and I hope we will discuss in groups: consider disaster management at various stages (including the prevention preparation stage, the emergency response stage, and the recovery stage) from an architectural perspective.
经过十几分钟各组的热烈讨论，最终每个小组都整理得出了自己的答案，Sharon老师对大家给予了肯定，并且进行了更正与补充。通过讨论，大家对建筑在灾害管理中所需要考虑的因素有了更加深入全面的认识。
After more than ten minutes of lively discussions among the groups, each group finally sorted out their own answers. Teacher Sharon affirmed everyone, and made corrections and supplements. Through the discussion, everyone has a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the factors that buildings need to consider in disaster management.
NO.5 相关案例分享
NO.5 Related case sharing
在最后阶段，Sharon老师重点分享了一些灾后建筑的案例，以实际案例引导我们思考建筑中应该考虑的问题，以及各种问题的应对方案。
In the final stage, Mr. Sharon focused on sharing some post-disaster building cases, and guided us to think about the issues that should be considered in architecture and the solutions to various issues with actual cases.
Source: Spokane, A. R., Mori, Y., & Martinez, F. (2013). Housing Arrays Following Disasters: Social Vulnerability Considerations in Designing Transitional Communities. Environment and Behavior, 45(7), 887–911.
通过Sharon老师的分享，我们对灾后建筑的建设有了更深刻的认识，也明白了灾后建筑的重点与要求。从人的健康出发，关注受灾群众的身体健康，心理健康与社交需求，营造一个有爱，有归属感的灾后社区环境，帮助受灾地区更好的恢复。
Through the sharing of teacher Sharon, we have a deeper understanding of the construction of buildings after the disaster, and also understand the key points and requirements of the buildings after the disaster. From the perspective of human health, pay attention to the physical health, mental health and social needs of the disaster-affected people, and create a loving and belonging post-disaster community environment to help the disaster-affected areas recover better.
在后续设计工作中，我们也将会注重灾后建筑的人文关怀，创造有温度的庇护所，为受到灾害的人们提供温暖与慰藉。
In the follow-up design work, we will also pay attention to the humanistic care of the buildings after the disaster, create a shelter with warmth, and provide warmth and comfort to people affected by the disaster.
文案 | 秦岸荔
排版 | 秦岸荔
公众号原链接/Original link of official account
：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fQjG-bVxAAGhNazLi64xAg
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