绿建小讲堂② :被动式太阳能建筑
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发布日期：2021-04-08 21:10

姓名：被动式太阳能建筑

英文名：Passive Solar Buildings

身份：通过建筑设计, 使建筑在冬季充分利用太阳辐射热取暖

尽量减少通过维护结构及通风渗透而造成热损失;

夏季尽量减少因太阳辐射及室内人员设备散热造成的热量

以不使用机械设备为前提,完全依靠加强建筑物的遮挡功能,

通过建筑上的方法, 达到室内环境舒适的目的的环保型建筑。

原理：太阳热能采集、储存和分配

功能：使建筑“冬暖夏凉”

能源：太阳能

优点：节能环保

【被动式太阳能建筑】

一、什么是被动式太阳能建筑？有主动式太阳能建筑吗？

太阳能建筑主要分为三种形式:

1、被动式太阳能建筑（Passive solar buildings）

不依赖于机械功，通过建筑朝向、构造、建筑材料等恰当选择和设计，使其能够收集、蓄存和分配太阳能热量，实现冬季采暖和夏季降温。

2、主动式太阳能建筑（Active solar buildings ）

利用太阳能或空调设备驱动供热

3、零能建筑（Zero energy buildings）

由太阳能光电转换装置提供建筑物所需要的全部能源供应，常规能源消耗为零

Solar buildings are mainly divided into three forms:

1. Passive solar building:

It does not rely on mechanical power, and through proper selection and design of building orientation, structure, building materials, etc., it can collect, store and distribute solar heat to achieve heating in winter and cooling in summer;

2. Active solar buildings:

Use solar energy or air-conditioning equipment to drive heating.

3. Zero-energy building:

The solar photovoltaic conversion device provides all the energy supply needed by the building, and the conventional energy consumption is zero.

二、被动式太阳能建筑相较于主动式太阳能建筑和零能建筑有什么优点？

被动式太阳能构造简单，经济性优越。

被动式建筑能通过建筑上的一些方法，充分利用自然环境的潜能。

例如：选择正确的朝向。

我们住在北半球，冬季太阳高度角小，南向垂直表面接受太阳辐射的时间最长，所以朝南的方向为太阳能建筑最佳朝向，被动式太阳能建筑设计正是利用南向窗、墙，来获得太阳能，使冬天在室内也很暖和。

Passive solar energy is simple in structure and economical.

Passive buildings can make full use of the potential of the natural environment through some architectural methods.

For example: choose the correct orientation.

We live in the northern hemisphere, where the sun’s altitude angle is small in winter, and the south-facing vertical surface has the longest time to receive solar radiation. Therefore, the south-facing direction is the best orientation for solar buildings. The passive solar building design uses south-facing windows and walls to obtain Solar energy makes it warm indoors in winter.

（图源设计气象台国外建筑设计详图图集-13-被动式太阳能建筑设计）

建筑需要通过南侧的窗和墙来获得太阳能，为防止遮挡，根据各地太阳高度角度不同和建筑高度的差异，建筑之间应该有一个合适的距离，最小距离一般不小于相邻南向建筑的高度的 1.1 倍。

Because the building needs to obtain solar energy through the windows and walls on the south side, in order to prevent shading, there should be a suitable distance between the buildings according to the difference in the height of the sun and the difference in the height of the building. The minimum distance is generally not less than the adjacent south-facing building 1.1 times the height.

三、靠太阳照射来维持温度，南侧窗户面积不够大的话岂不是依然很冷？晚上没有太阳岂不是会更冷？夏天房子不会变成大火炉吗？

除了考虑房子的朝向和间距之外，被动式太阳能建筑设计也需要注重建筑构造。

它主要通过向南受太阳照射以及“透明玻璃屋”来实现取暖。

向阳面积越大，获取的热量越多，但是也要尽量少开不能吸收到热量的窗户，减少太阳热能力的损失。

对于深度较大的房子，内部很难自然采光，可以通过安装导光板、散射板等将太阳光引入室内，保证整个房子都能透入太阳光。

In addition to considering the orientation and spacing of the house, the design of passive solar buildings also needs to pay attention to the building structure. It is mainly heated by the sun to the south and the "transparent glass house".

The larger the area facing the sun, the more heat can be obtained, but as few windows that cannot absorb heat should be opened to reduce the loss of solar heat capacity.

For houses with large depths, it is difficult for natural lighting inside. Light guide plates, diffusers, etc. can be installed to introduce sunlight into the room to ensure that the entire house can penetrate into sunlight.

透明玻璃屋的设计能增加进入房子的太阳光，但是在夏天过多的太阳光直射房子，房子的温度过高，不适宜人类居住。这时应该改用中空玻璃和遮阳型玻璃，以及通过促进通风来改善房子的温度。

屋面的形式也会影响接受太阳辐射的多少：坡屋面接受太阳辐射的时间和面积多于平面屋，穹顶屋面为最佳屋面形式。

The design of the transparent glass house can increase the sunlight entering the house, but in summer, too much sunlight directly shines on the house, the temperature of the house is too high, and it is not suitable for human living. At this time, insulating glass and sun-shading glass should be used instead, and the temperature of the house should be improved by promoting ventilation.

The form of the roof also affects the amount of solar radiation: the time and area of the sloping roof receiving solar radiation are more than that of the flat roof, and the dome roof is the best roof form.

（图源设计气象台国外建筑设计详图图集-13-被动式太阳能建筑设计）

被动式太阳能建筑在设计的时候还需要注意建筑材料的使用。

太阳短波辐射能穿过窗户到达室内，可能会被内墙、地板和家具等吸收。太阳长波容易被密度大的外墙直接吸收和储存，再把部分向外辐射。

因此，通过不同热容量和导热系数的储热材料组合，或者增加储热材料的厚度，可以延长储热体向室内散热的时间，避免夏季太阳辐射房子，导致室内温度过高。

In addition, passive solar buildings need to pay attention to the use of building materials when designing.

Solar short-wave radiation energy reaches the room through windows and may be absorbed by interior walls, floors, and furniture. The long solar wave is easily absorbed and stored directly by the dense outer wall, and part of it is radiated outward.

Therefore, by combining heat storage materials with different heat capacities and thermal conductivity, or increasing the thickness of the heat storage materials, the time for the heat storage body to dissipate indoors can be prolonged, and the sun from radiating the house in summer can prevent the indoor temperature from being too high.

例如，普通白玻璃是采暖窗较好的选择，但是也要注意保温隔热；中空玻璃是对可见光有高投射率，具有极强的保暖性；热变色玻璃是一种以塑料薄膜夹着聚合物水色溶剂，在低温和高温的环境下分别呈透明状和不透明的乳白色，它能在低温的环境中，吸收与储存日光的热能，环境温度升高时，能阻挡日光的热能，以此对室内起到调节室内温度的作用。

For example, ordinary white glass is a better choice for heating windows, but you must also pay attention to thermal insulation; hollow glass has high projection rate for visible light and has strong warmth retention; thermochromic glass is a kind of polymer sandwiched by plastic film It is a water color solvent, which is transparent and opaque milky white under low temperature and high temperature respectively.It can absorb and store the heat energy of sunlight in a low temperature environment. When the ambient temperature rises, it can block the heat energy of sunlight. The room plays a role in regulating the room temperature.

此外，建筑材料尤为关键的一个因素就是材料的颜色和质地，建筑材料的颜色和质地与太阳能的收集有关，浅颜色光滑的建筑材料较为容易反射太阳光，相反，深色粗糙的建筑材料较为容易吸收太阳光热量。

In addition, a particularly critical factor for building materials is the color and texture of the material. The color and texture of building materials are related to the collection of solar energy. Light-colored and smooth building materials are more likely to reflect sunlight, on the contrary, dark and rough building materials are easier Absorb the heat of sunlight.

被动式太阳能建筑在设计的时候还需要注意建筑材料的使用。

太阳短波辐射能穿过窗户到达室内，可能会被内墙、地板和家具等吸收。太阳长波容易被密度大的外墙直接吸收和储存，再把部分向外辐射。

In addition, passive solar buildings need to pay attention to the use of building materials when designing.

（图源设计气象台国外建筑设计详图图集-13-被动式太阳能建筑设计）

因此，被动式太阳能建筑需要协调好室内外气流通道的方位。进风口要求置于顺风背阳、低气温的位置，这能有效控制夏季房间内的温度，减少室内温度波动。

Therefore, passive solar buildings need to coordinate the orientation of indoor and outdoor air channels. The air inlet is required to be placed in a downwind and sunny position with low temperature, which can effectively control the temperature in the room in summer and reduce indoor temperature fluctuations.

五、可以建一个超大被动式太阳能建筑的别墅吗？

被动式太阳能建筑对建筑体形系数有一定要求。

建筑体型系数是建筑在地面以上的表面积总和占建筑体积的比重。房子体积不变的情况下，建筑外表面积越大，接受的太阳辐射热能则越多，但是建筑内部的热量也会比较容易散发。只有有效控制建筑的体型系数在一个适当的范围内，并且尽可能增加南向面积，减少向东、向西、向北的房间面积，才能使整个建筑采暖节能效果更显著。

一般要求条式居住建筑的体型系数不应该超过 0.35，点式居住建筑不超过0.4。

Passive solar buildings have certain requirements on the building form factor.

The building form factor is the proportion of the total surface area of the building above the ground to the volume of the building.When the volume of the house remains the same, the larger the outer surface area of the building, the more solar radiation heat energy it receives, but the heat inside the building is easier to radiate. Only by effectively controlling the building's body shape coefficient within an appropriate range, and increasing the south-facing area as much as possible, and reducing the area of rooms facing east, west, and north, can the heating and energy-saving effect of the entire building be more significant.

It is generally required that the shape factor of strip-type residential buildings should not exceed 0.35, and that of point-type residential buildings should not exceed 0.4.

六、被动式太阳能建筑可以如何分类？

按采集太阳能的方式区分，被动太阳建筑可以分为以下几类：

1、直接受益式：

冬天阳光通过较大面积的南向玻璃窗，直接照射至室内的地面墙壁和家具上，使其吸收大部分热量，因而温度升高。所吸收的太阳能，一部分以辐射、对流方式在室内空间传递，一部分导入蓄热体内，然后逐渐释放出热量，使房间在晚上和阴天也能保持一定温度。采用这种方式的太阳能建筑，由于南窗面积较大，应配置保温窗帘，并要求窗扇的密封性能良好，以减少通过窗的热损失。窗应设置遮阳板，以遮挡夏季阳光进入室内。

In winter, sunlight passes through a large area of south-facing glass windows and directly shines on the indoor floor walls and furniture, causing it to absorb most of the heat, and thus the temperature rises. Part of the absorbed solar energy is transmitted in the indoor space in the form of radiation and convection, and part is introduced into the heat storage body,and then gradually releases heat, so that the room can maintain a certain temperature at night and on cloudy days.For solar buildings in this way, due to the large area of the south window, thermal insulation curtains should be provided, and the window sashes must have good sealing performance to reduce heat loss through the windows. The windows should be provided with sun visors to block the summer sun from entering the room.

2、蓄热墙式：

这种太阳能建筑主要是利用南向垂直集热蓄热墙吸收穿过玻璃采光面的阳光，通过传导、辐射及对流，把热量送至室内。集热蓄热堵的形式有很多种，比如：实体式集热蓄热墙，花格式集热蓄热墙，水墙式集热蓄热墙，相变材料集热蓄热墙，快速集热墙等等。

（下图为水墙式）

This kind of solar building mainly uses the south-facing vertical heat-collecting and heat-storage wall to absorb sunlight passing through the glass lighting surface, and sends the heat indoors through conduction,radiation and convection. There are many forms of heat collection and heat storage, such as:solid heat collection and heat storage wall, flower type heat collection and heat storage wall, water wall heat collection and heat storage wall, phase change material heat collection and heat storage wall, fast collection hot wall and so on.

（图源设计气象台国外建筑设计详图图集-13-被动式太阳能建筑设计）

3、阳光间式：

阳光间附建在房屋南侧，其围护结构全部或部分由玻璃等透光材料构成。与房间之间的公共墙上开有门、窗等孔洞。阳光间得到阳光照射被加热，其内部温度始终高于外环境温度。所以既可以在白天通过对流风口供给房间以太阳热能，又可在夜间作为缓冲区，减少房间热损失。

The sun room is attached to the south side of the house,and its enclosure is entirely or partly composed of light-transmitting materials such as glass. There are openings such as doors and windows on the public wall between the room and the room. The sunlight room is heated by sunlight, and its internal temperature is always higher than the external environment temperature. Therefore, it can not only supply the room with solar heat through the convection vent during the day, but also serve as a buffer zone at night to reduce the heat loss of the room.

4、屋顶池式：

屋顶池式太阳能建筑兼有冬季采暖和夏季降温两种功能，适合冬季不属寒冷，而夏季较热的地区。用装满水的密封塑料袋作为储热体，置于屋顶顶棚之上，其上设置可水平推拉开闭的保温盖板。冬季白天晴天时，将保温板敞开，让水袋充分吸收太阳辐射热，水袋所储热量，通过辐射和对流传至下面房间。夜间则关闭保温板，阻止向外的热损失。夏季保温盖板启闭情况则与冬季相反。白天关闭保温盖板，隔绝阳光及室外热空气，同时用较凉的水袋吸收下面房间的热量，使室温下降；夜晚则打开保温盖板，让水袋冷却。保温盖板还可根据房间温度、水袋内水温和太阳辐照度，进行自动调节启闭。

The rooftop pool solar building has both functions of heating in winter and cooling in summer, and is suitable for areas where winter is not cold but summer is hotter. A sealed plastic bag filled with water is used as a heat storage body, placed on the roof top, and a thermal insulation cover plate that can be pushed and pulled horizontally to open and close is set on it. In winter, when it is sunny during the day, the insulation board is opened to allow the water bag to fully absorb the solar radiant heat, and the heat stored in the water bag is transmitted to the room below through radiation and convection. At night, the insulation board is closed to prevent heat loss to the outside. The opening and closing of the thermal insulation cover in summer is opposite to that in winter. Close the thermal insulation cover during the day to isolate the sun and hot outdoor air. At the same time, use a cooler water bag to absorb the heat of the room below to lower the room temperature; at night, open the thermal insulation cover to let the water bag cool. The thermal insulation cover can also automatically adjust the opening and closing according to the room temperature, the water temperature in the water bag and the solar irradiance.