答题有奖③：灾后应急救援的工作特点
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发布日期：2021-04-21 19:26

福利预告！！！

自今日起我们将推出共4篇灾后救援答题内容，总分值为100分，按积分制获得奖品。

答题积分共90分以上，可获得建艺一层文创咖啡店20元以下饮品一杯及SDC team BJTU+团队周边水杯一件。

70分以上，可获得建艺一层文创咖啡店10元代金券。

60分以上，可获得建艺一层文创咖啡店5元代金券。

每篇答题均参加者，可获得建艺一层文创咖啡店3元代金券。

Starting today, we will launch a total of 4 post-disaster rescue answers, with a total score of 100 points, and prizes will be awarded according to the points system.

A total of 90 points or more for the answer points, you can get a cultural and creative coffee shop on the first floor of Jianyi and less than 20 yuan

One drink and one water cup around the SDC team BJTU+ team.

70 points or more can get a 10 yuan voucher for the cultural and creative coffee shop on the first floor of Jianyi.

60 points or more can get a 5 yuan voucher for the cultural and creative coffee shop on the first floor of Jianyi.

Participants who answer each question will get a 3 yuan voucher for the cultural and creative coffee shop on the first floor of Jianyi.

救援工作的基本特点

Basic characteristics of rescue work

一.事故应急救援的基本任务

The basic task of accident emergency rescue

事故应急救援的总目标是通过有效的应急救援行动，尽可能地降低事故的后果，包括人员伤亡、财产损失和环境破坏等。事故应急救援的基本任务包括下述几个方面：

The general goal of emergency rescue is to minimize the consequences of accidents, including casualties, property losses and environmental damage, through effective emergency rescue operations. The basic tasks of emergency rescue include the following aspects:

1.立即组织营救受害人员，组织撤离或者采取其他措施保护危害区域内的其他人员，抢救受害人员是应急救援的首要任务。在应急救援行动中，快速、有序、有效地实施现场急救与安全转送伤员，是降低伤亡率、减少事故损失的关键。由于重大事故发生突然、扩散迅速、涉及范用广、危害大，应及时指导和组织群众采取各种措施进行自身防护，必要时迅速撤离出危险区或可能受到危害的区域。在撤离过程中，应积极组织群众开展自救和互救工作。

Immediately organize the rescue of the victims, organize evacuation or take other measures to protect other personnel in the harm area, the rescue of the victims is the primary task of emergency rescue. In the emergency rescue operation, it is the key to reduce the casualty rate and accident loss to carry out the first aid and transfer the wounded safely in a fast, orderly and effective way. Due to the sudden occurrence of a major accident, rapid spread, involving widespread use and great harm, the masses should be guided and organized in time to take various measures for self-protection, and promptly evacuate from the dangerous area or the area that may be harmed when necessary. In the evacuation process, the masses should be actively organized to carry out self-rescue and mutual rescue work.

2.迅速控制事态，并对事故造成的危害进行检测、监测，测定事故的危害区域、危害性质及危害程度及时控制住造成事故的危险源是应急救援工作的重要任务。只有及时地控制住危险源，防止事故的继续扩展，才能及时有效地进行救援。特别对发生在城市或人口稠密地区的化学事故，应尽快组织工程抢险队与事故单位技术人员一起及时控制事故继续扩展。

It is an important task of emergency rescue work to control the situation quickly, detect and monitor the damage caused by the accident, determine the hazard area, hazard nature and hazard degree of the accident and timely control the hazard source causing the accident. Only timely control of the source of danger, to prevent the continued expansion of the accident, in order to timely and effective rescue. Especially for chemical accidents occurring in cities or densely populated areas, engineering emergency teams should be organized as soon as possible together with technical personnel of accident units to control the accident in time and continue to expand.

3.消除危害后果，做好现场恢复。针对事故对人体、动植物、土壤、空气等造成的现实危害和可能的危害，迅速采取封闭、隔离、洗消、监测等措施，防止对人的继续危害和对环境的污染，及时清理废墟和恢复基本设施，将事故现场恢复至相对稳定的状态。

Eliminate the harmful consequences and do a good job of on-site recovery. In view of the actual and possible hazards caused by the accident to human beings, animals and plants, soil and air, measures such as closure, isolation, disinfection and monitoring should be taken promptly to prevent continued hazards to human beings and pollution to the environment, and the ruins and infrastructure should be cleaned up in time to restore the accident site to a relatively stable state.

4.认清事故原因，评估危害程度。事故发生后应及时调查事故的发生原因和事故性质，评估出事故的危害范围和危险程度，查明人员伤亡情况，做好事故原因调查，并总结救援工作中的经验和教训。

Recognize the cause of the accident and assess the degree of harm. After the accident, the cause and nature of the accident should be investigated in time, the damage scope and the degree of danger of the accident should be evaluated, the situation of the death of the personnel should be found out, the cause of the accident should be investigated well, and the experience and lessons of the rescue work should be summarized.

二、灾后应急的特点

Features of post-disaster emergency

灾后应急具有不确定性、突发性、复杂性和后果、影响易猝变、激化、放大等特点。

Post-disaster emergency response has the characteristics of uncertainty, suddenness, complexity, also the consequence and impact is easy to change suddenly, and intensify and enlarge.

1.不确定性和突发性

Uncertainty and suddenness

不确定性和突发性是各类公共安全事故、灾害与事件的共同特征，大部分事故都是突然爆发，爆发前基本没有明显征兆，而且一旦发生，发展蔓延迅速，甚至失控。因此，要求应急行动必须在极短的时间内在事故的第一现场作出有效反应，在事故产生重大灾难后果之后采取各种有效的防护、救助、疏散和控制事态等措施。为保证有效的初始响应，并及时控制住事态，应急救援工作应坚持属地化为主的原则，强调地方的应急准备工作，包括建立全天候的昼夜值班制度，确保报警、指挥通信系统始终保持完好状态，明确各部门的职责，确保各种应急救援的装备、技术器材、有关物资随时处于完好可用状态，制定科学有效的突发事件应急预案等措施。

Uncertainty and suddenness are the common characteristics of all kinds of public safety accidents, disasters and events. Most accidents break out suddenly, with no obvious warning before the outbreak, and once they happen, the development is rapid and even out of control. Require emergency action must, therefore, the first scene in a very short time accident within an effective response, have a major disaster in the accident consequences after take a variety of effective protection, rescue, evacuation, and control the situation, in order to ensure the effective initial response and timely control of the situation, the emergency rescue work should adhere to the principle of localization is given priority to, and emphasizes the local emergency preparedness work, including set up 24-hour day and night on duty system, ensure alarm, command and communication system always stay in good condition, clarify the responsibilities of each department, make sure that all kinds of emergency rescue equipment, technical equipment, the goods is in good condition available at any time, Formulate scientific and effective emergency response plans and other measures.

2.应急活动的复杂性

Complexity of emergency response activities

应急活动的复杂性主要表现在：救援、灾害或事件影响因素与演变规律的不确定性和不可预见的多变性；众多来自不同部门参与应急救援活动的单位，在信息沟通、行动协调与指挥、授权与职责、通信等方面的有效组织和管理；应急响应过程中公众的反应和恐慌心理、公众过急等突发行为的复杂性等。这些复杂因所谓有效，主要指应急救援行动的有效性，很大程度它取决于应急准备的充分性与否，包括应急队伍的建设与训练、应急设备（施）、物资的配备与维护、预案的制定与落实以及有效的外部增援机制等。

The complexity of emergency activities is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the uncertainty and unforeseeable variability of the factors of emergency rescue, disaster or event impact and the law of evolution; The effective organization and management of numerous units from different departments participating in emergency rescue activities in information communication, action coordination and command, authorization and responsibility, communication and other aspects; In the process of emergency response, the public's reaction and panic psychology, the complexity of public over-urgency and other sudden behaviors. The effectiveness of these complex reasons mainly refers to the effectiveness of emergency rescue operations, which to a large extent depends on the adequacy of emergency preparedness, including the construction and training of emergency teams, emergency equipment (application), equipment and maintenance, formulation and implementation of contingency plans, and the effective external reinforcement mechanism, etc.

三、事故应急救援的特点

Features of accident emergency rescue

重大事故往往具有发生突然、扩散迅速、危害范围广的特点，因而决定了应急救助援行动必须做到迅速、准确和有效。

Major accidents often have the characteristics of sudden occurrence, rapid diffusion and wide range of harm, which determines that the emergency rescue action must be rapid, accurate and effective.

所谓迅速，就是要求建立快速的应急响应机制，能迅速准确地传递事故信息，迅速地召集所需的应急力量和设备、物资等资源；迅速建立统一指挥与协调系统，开展救援活动。

Rapid means the establishment of a rapid emergency response mechanism, which can quickly and accurately transmit accident information and quickly summon the required emergency forces, equipment, materials and other resources; Quickly establish a unified command and coordination system to carry out rescue activities.

所谓准确，要求有相应的应急决策机制，能基于事故的规模、性质、特点、现场环境等信息，正确地预测事故的发展趋势，准确地对应急救援行动和战术进行决策。

Accuracy requires a corresponding emergency decision-making mechanism, which can correctly predict the development trend of the accident and accurately make decisions on emergency rescue operations and tactics based on the information of the scale, nature, characteristics and scene environment of the accident.

所谓有效，主要指应急救援行动的有效性，很大程度它取决于应急准备的充分性与否，包括应急队伍的建设与训练，应急设备（设施）、物资的配备与维护，预案的制定与落实以及有效的外部增援机制等。

Effectiveness mainly refers to the effectiveness of emergency rescue operations, which to a large extent depends on the adequacy of emergency preparedness, including the construction and training of emergency teams, the allocation and maintenance of emergency equipment (facilities) and materials, the formulation and implementation of emergency plans, and the effective external reinforcement mechanism, etc.